Every human being carries thousands of genes that are essential for normal biological function. Together, these genes constitute the genome, which differs between individuals in millions of ways. Genetic variation can occur as single nucleotide changes, known as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), or as larger structural alterations, such as insertions
Just as routine cancer screening and blood tests can identify a predisposition to conditions such as diabetes mellitus, understanding that one may be predisposed to developing depression during midlife could provide an opportunity to take preventive measures, prepare for potential symptoms, and seek appropriate support at an earlier stage. During
Humans have consumed fermented foods and beverages, including yoghurt, cheese, and wine, for thousands of years. However, the microorganisms responsible for fermentation and their associated health benefits were not scientifically understood until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Researchers at the Pasteur Institute played a pivotal role in identifying
GLP-1 analogues, also known as GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), are widely prescribed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. These agents mimic the action of the endogenous hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) by binding to GLP-1 receptors expressed on the surface of
Human bodies are remarkably efficient at maintaining a stable internal temperature, constantly balancing changing environmental conditions with the body's core needs. This process is controlled by three key systems: the brain, the body's core (internal cavity), and the peripheral blood vessels. When the body experiences heat
Becoming a mother activates profound physical and hormonal changes, but this transformation extends far beyond the body. Research shows that pregnancy reshapes the brain too, with significant reductions in grey matter volume. Rather than being harmful, these changes are thought to support a mother's ability to form a
As medical advances extend women's lifespans, women today are living several years post their reproductive phase-around 42% of their lifespan on an average. This raises an intriguing evolutionary question: why do humans live so long after they stop having children? One leading explanation is the grandmother hypothesis.
Do you find yourself replaying the same thoughts in a loop? Research suggests that the answer may lie in how different brain networks communicate with each other. Rumination- the tendency to repeatedly dwell on negative thoughts, emotions, or experiences, is a hallmark of depression and anxiety disorders. Rather than helping
SSRIs- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors- like fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline, and citalopram are among the most widely prescribed medications for depression, anxiety, and mood disorders. They work by blocking the reabsorption of serotonin, often called the 'happy hormone', back into nerve cells, temporarily raising serotonin levels in the brain.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Women are disproportionately affected by AD partly because they tend to live longer than men. As life expectancy increases, women spend a substantial portion of their lives in the postmenopausal period. Growing evidence suggests
Historically, clinicians have relied on patient-reported cycle dates or hormonal profiling to estimate menstrual cycle phase. While these approaches provide a useful starting point for clinical decision-making, due to the subjective nature of self-reporting and the variability introduced by irregular cycles, their accuracy is limited. There is
Recent Meta-analysis found that postmenopausal women who combined creatine monohydrate supplementation with resistance training gained more lean mass than placebo groups.